Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infection primarily affecting the lungs but can involve other body parts. Here's a summary of its diagnosis and treatment:

Diagnosis

Medical History and Physical Exam:

• Symptoms: Persistent cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss.
• Exposure History: Recent contact with TB patients.

Tests:

• Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): Detects exposure to TB.
• Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): Blood tests for TB exposure.
• Chest X-Ray: Identifies lung abnormalities.
• Sputum Tests: Microscopy and culture for TB bacteria.
• Molecular Tests: Rapid detection of TB and resistance (e.g., GeneXpert MTB/RIF).

Treatment

Drug Regimens:

• First-Line Drugs: Combination therapy for 6-9 months (e.g., Isoniazid, Rifampicin).
• Directly Observed Therapy (DOT): Ensures treatment adherence.

Drug-Resistant TB:

• MDR-TB: Resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin; treated with second-line drugs.
• XDR-TB: Resistant to additional drugs; requires specialized treatment.

Latent TB Infection (LTBI):

• Preventive Treatment: Isoniazid or a combination with rifapentine for 3-9 months.

Follow-Up

• Regular follow-ups to monitor treatment progress, manage side effects, and ensure adherence, including repeat tests and X-rays.

Prevention

• Vaccination: BCG vaccine provides some protection against TB.
• Infection Control: Good ventilation, wearing masks, and avoiding close contact with TB patients.

Early diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial in managing TB and preventing its spread.